[Characteristics of Industrial Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) Emission in China from 2011 to 2019].

In order to better understand the industrial volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emissions in China in recent years, an industrial VOCs emission inventory was developed from 2011 to 2019, based on the dynamic emission factors method and the comprehensive source classification system. The results showed that VOCs emissions increased first from 11122.7 kt in 2011 to 13397.9 kt in 2017, and then decreased to 13247.0 kt in 2019. The emission structure of the four source categories changed. The contribution from basic organic chemical industries, gasoline storage and transportation, manufacturing(i.e., coatings, inks, pigments, and similar products), and industrial protective coatings continued to increase. On the contrary, the contributions of oil and natural gas processing, automobile, and container manufacturing industries declined over the study period. Among the industrial emissions in China in 2019, industrial coating, printing, and basic organic chemical industries emitted large amounts of VOCs(accounting for 39.2% of the total emission), and because their contribution became increasingly prominent since 2011, these sectors will be the key emission sources in the future. With respect to the spatial distribution in 2019, East China and South China had the largest VOCs emissions. Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang were the four provinces that contributed the most, accounting for 40.6% of the total VOCs emissions.

[Coating-derived VOCs Emission Characteristics and Environmental Impacts from the Furniture Industry in Guangdong Province].

To determine the differences in emissions among different types of coatings, such as solvent-based, water-based, solvent-based ultra-violet(UV), water-based UV, and powder coatings, representative furniture manufacturing companies were selected for analysis. The emission concentrations and compositional characteristics of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in different types of coatings were compared and studied. The ozone formation potential(OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential(SOAFP) of the different types of coatings were also analyzed. Solvent-based coatings has higher TVOC concentrations, OFPs, and SOAFPs than water-based, solvent-based UV, water-based UV, and powder coatings. The concentrations and composition of VOCs emitted from the different types of coatings were also different. The main VOC groups of the solvent-based and solvent-based UV coatings were aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs). Specifically, the proportions of aromatic hydrocarbons are 41.91%-60.67% and 42.51%-43.00%, respectively, and the proportions of OVOCs were 24.75%-41.29% and 41.34%-43.21%, respectively. OVOCs accounted for the highest proportion of VOCs in the water-based, water-based UV, and powder coatings, at 54.02%-62.10%, 55.23%-64.81%, and 42.98%-46.45%, respectively. The major VOC compound of the solvent-based coatings was styrene(14.68%), and the main component of the water-based coatings was methylal(14.61%). The main species of VOCs from the solvent-based UV and water-based UV coatings were butyl acetate(15.36% and 20.56%, respectively). The most abundant species from the powder coatings was ethyl 3-ethoxy propionate(20.19%). Aromatic hydrocarbons were the most important contributor to the OFP of the solvent-based and solvent-based UV coatings, accounting for 79.84% and 80.32%, respectively. Aromatic hydrocarbons(51.48% and 36.71%) and OVOCs(42.30% and 41.03%) were the major contributors to the OFP of the water-based and water-based UV coatings, respectively. Aromatic hydrocarbons(43.46%), OVOCs(28.06%), and olefins(25.24%) were the main factors affecting the OFP of the powder coatings. Aromatic hydrocarbons dominate the SOAFP of solvent-based, water-based, solvent-based UV, water-based UV, and powder coatings, accounting for more than 99%.

[Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds in Wood Coatings and Automotive Coatings in China].

Presently, there are a few studies on the measurement of industrial organic solvents in China. To determine the content and species of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial organic solvents and to provide the emission factors of organic solvents, the Chinese wood and automotive coatings, which accounted for the largest proportion of production in the world, were investigated. Coating samples were obtained by sampling from companies and buying from markets, and were measured in accordance with the domestic standard testing methods for coatings. The content and composition spectrum of VOCs in the coatings were determined, and the ozone formation potential (OFP) was then calculated. The results showed that for wood coatings, the average content of the VOCs in solvent-based, water-based, and ultra-violet (UV) coatings were 37.28%, 9.88%, and 18.02%, respectively. For automotive coatings, the average content of the VOCs in water-based original equipment manufacturer (OEM) coating, solvent-based OEM coating, water-based refinishing coating, and solvent-based refinishing coating were 15.06%, 59.90%, 11.79%, and 54.50%, respectively. The content of the VOCs in different types of coatings varied substantially. The main components and OFP contributors were alcohols and ethers for water-based coatings, benzene series and esters for solvent-based coatings, and esters, alcohols, and ethers for UV coatings. The average value of the coating samples could meet the current mandatory national standards, but 12% of the solvent-based wood coating samples and 42% of the solvent-based OEM coating samples did not meet the standards. In addition, except for the benzene series of the water-based wood coatings, the contents of harmful substances in other coating samples were up to the standards.

[Volatile Organic Compound Emission Characteristics of Furniture Manufacturing Enterprises and the Influence on the Atmospheric Environment].

The furniture manufacturing industry is a typical industry with high pollution, low added value, relatively outdated technology and low levels of pollution control. The process of furniture manufacturing uses a large number of paints and adhesives, which emit a great quantity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The furniture manufacturing industry is a key industry for the control of VOCs in China. The VOCs emission characteristics and environmental impact of the furniture manufacturing industry has been studied in this work, which could be helpful for the Chinese government when formulating VOCs pollution control policy for this industry. In this study, a typical furniture manufacturing enterprise was chosen as the object. The emission concentration level and source profile of VOCs in a typical enterprise was obtained, and an assessment of the environmental impact of furniture manufacturing was developed. The results showed that the concentration of VOCs in the workshop ranged from 9.18 to 181.58 mg·m-3, the concentration of VOCs in the stack was 30.64-155.94 mg·m-3, and the treatment efficiency was 7.43%-67.14%. The main species of VOCs in the workshop were aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, and aldehydes and ketones; the main species of VOCs in the stack are esters and aromatic hydrocarbons, followed by alkanes, and the main VOCs in the industry are sec-butyl acetate, toluene, m-xylene, methylal and ethylbenzene. The average ozone generation potential (OFP) of workshop and stack VOCs was 258.01 and 289.14 mg·m-3, respectively, and the average secondary organic aerosol generation potential (SOAFP) of workshop and stack VOCs was 148.66 and 165.31 mg·m-3, respectively. The most important contribution to the OFP and SOAFP in each emission sector is aromatic hydrocarbons. The OFP and SOAFP in the edge-sealing workshop are large and the VOCs should be controlled. The main malodorous substances at the shop boundary are sec-butyl acetate, m-xylene, butyl acetate, p-xylene, ethylbenzene, 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene, o-xylene, and toluene; the VOCs at the factory boundary produce almost no odor pollution. Targeted enhanced control of aromatic hydrocarbons and esters should be adopted to achieve effective emission reduction of VOCs in furniture manufacturing.

One-pot synthesis and antiproliferative activity of novel 2,4-diaminopyrimidine derivatives bearing piperidine and piperazine moieties.

A series of novel 2,4-diaminopyrimidines containing piperidine and piperazine moieties were synthesized via an efficient one-pot methodology. The bioassay tests demonstrated that compounds 27 and 28 displayed much stronger antitumor activities against four human cancer cell lines (HepG2, A549, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) than positive control fluorouracil. Particularly, compound 28 showed a two-fold improvement compared to fluorouracil in inhibiting MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell proliferation with IC50 values of 7.46 and 12.78 µM, respectively. Further flow-activated cell sorting analysis revealed that the most promising compound 28 displayed a significant effect on G2/M cell-cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner in MDA-MB-231 cells.

Reversal effects of Rabdosia rubescens extract on multidrug resistance of MCF-7/Adr cells in vitro.

CONTEXT: Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara (Lamiaceae) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidation. It is also used as a supplement in the treatment of many cancers, such as esophagus, mammary gland, liver and prostate cancers. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal effects and its possible mechanism of R. rubescens extracts on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7/Adr (Michigan Cancer Foundation--7/adriamycin resistance). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rabdosia rubescens were extracted by reflux extraction method with different solvent such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol and water in order and obtain petroleum ether fraction (PEF), chloroform fraction (CF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), n-butyl alcohol fraction (BAF) and aqueous fraction (AF). The active extract fractions of R. rubescens were screened by rhodamine123 (Rh123) accumulation assay. Cytotoxicity of the effect fraction was examined by the MTT assay; the intracellular accumulation of adriamycin and expression of P-gp were examined by flow cytometry; the gene transcription of MDR1 was determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS: CF and EAF fractions could increase the intracellular accumulation of adriamycin in MCF-7/Adr cells, PEF, BAF and AF fractions showed little effect on the intracellular accumulation of adriamycin or Rh123. When adriamycin was used in combination with CF and EAF fractions at non-toxic concentration on MCF-7/Adr cells, CF and EAF fractions can reverse MDR of MCF-7/Adr cells, and the reverse folds were 2.16 (CF, 4 µg/mL), 4.60 (CF, 20 µg/mL), 1.87 (EAF, 4 µg/mL) and 4.02 (EAF, 20 µg/mL), respectively. After treatment with CF (4.20 µg/mL) and EAF (4.20 µg/mL) for 48 h, the MDR1 gene expression level in MCF-7/Adr cells was decreased by 40.17, 48.14, 33.86 and 42.52%, and the abundance of P-gp also decreased by 8.63, 24.53, 27.50 and 34.91% in MCF-7/Adr cells, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These results indicate the therapeutic value of chloroform fraction (CF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from R. rubescens as potential MDR reversing agents and warranted further investigation.

Direct observations of the evolution of polar cap ionization patches.

Patches of ionization are common in the polar ionosphere, where their motion and associated density gradients give variable disturbances to high-frequency (HF) radio communications, over-the-horizon radar location errors, and disruption and errors to satellite navigation and communication. Their formation and evolution are poorly understood, particularly under disturbed space weather conditions. We report direct observations of the full evolution of patches during a geomagnetic storm, including formation, polar cap entry, transpolar evolution, polar cap exit, and sunward return flow. Our observations show that modulation of nightside reconnection in the substorm cycle of the magnetosphere helps form the gaps between patches where steady convection would give a "tongue" of ionization (TOI).